Extracellular vesicle mitochondrial DNA levels are associated with race and mitochondrial DNA haplogroup.

Circulating cell-free mitochondrial DNA (ccf-mtDNA) acts as a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule and may be cargo within extracellular vesicles (EVs). ccf-mtDNA and select mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups are associated with cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that ccf-mtDNA and plasma EV mtDNA would be associated with hypertension, sex, self-identified race, and mtDNA haplogroup ancestry. Participants were normotensive (n = 107) and hypertensive (n = 108) African American and White adults from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span study. ccf-mtDNA levels were higher in African American participants compared with White participants in both plasma and EVs, but ccf-mtDNA levels were not related to hypertension. EV mtDNA levels were highest in African American participants with African mtDNA haplogroup. Circulating inflammatory protein levels were altered with mtDNA haplogroup, race, and EV mtDNA. Our findings highlight that race is a social construct and that ancestry is crucial when examining health and biomarker differences between groups.

The association between influenza vaccine effectiveness and egg-based manufacturing technology: literature review and US expert consensus.

BACKGROUND: Influenza is associated with significant disease burden in the US and is currently best controlled by vaccination programs. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) is low and may be reduced by several factors, including egg adaptations. Although non-egg-based influenza vaccines reportedly have greater VE in egg-adapted seasons, evidence for egg adaptations' reduction of VE is indirect and dissociated, apart from two previous European consensuses. METHODS: This study replicated the methodology used in a 2020 literature review and European consensus, providing an updated review and consensus opinion of 10 US experts on the evidence for a mechanistic basis for reduction of VE due to egg-based manufacturing methods. A mechanistic basis was assumed if sufficient evidence was found for underlying principles proposed to give rise to such an effect. Evidence for each principle was brought forward from the 2020 review and identified here by structured literature review and expert panel. Experts rated the strength of support for each principle and a mechanistic basis for reduction of VE due to egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture in a consensus method (consensus for strong/very strong evidence = ≥ 3.5 on 5-point Likert scale). RESULTS: Experts assessed 251 references (from previous study: 185; this study: 66). The majority of references for all underlying principles were rated as strong or very strong supporting evidence (52-86%). Global surveillance, WHO candidate vaccine virus selection, and manufacturing stages involving eggs were identified as most likely to impact influenza VE. CONCLUSION: After review of extensive evidence for reduction of VE due to egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture, influenza experts in the US joined those in Europe in unanimous agreement for a mechanistic basis for the effect. Vaccine providers and administrators should consider use of non-egg-based influenza vaccine manufacture to reduce the risk of egg adaptations and likely impact on VE.

Inflammatory proteins are associated with mortality in a middle-aged diverse cohort.

BACKGROUND: Recent data indicate a decline in overall longevity in the United States. Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, an increase in midlife mortality rates had been reported. Life expectancy disparities have persisted in the United States for racial and ethnic groups and for individuals living at low socioeconomic status. These continued trends in mortality indicate the importance of examining biomarkers of mortality at midlife in at-risk populations. Circulating levels of cytokines and inflammatory markers reflect systemic chronic inflammation, which is a well-known driver of many age-related diseases. METHODS: In this study, we examined the relationship of nine different inflammatory proteins with mortality in a middle-aged socioeconomically diverse cohort of African-American and White men and women (n = 1122; mean age = 47.8 years). RESULTS: We found significant differences in inflammatory-related protein serum levels between African-American and White middle-aged adults. E-selectin and fibrinogen were significantly higher in African-American adults. IFN-γ, TNF-α trimer, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (sRAGE) and P-selectin were significantly higher in White participants compared to African-American participants. Higher levels of E-selectin, MCP-1 and P-selectin were associated with a higher mortality risk. Furthermore, there was a significant interaction between sex and IL-6 with mortality. IL-6 levels were associated with an increased risk of mortality, an association that was significantly greater in women than men. In addition, White participants with high levels of sRAGE had significantly higher survival probability than White participants with low levels of sRAGE, while African-American participants had similar survival probabilities across sRAGE levels. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that circulating inflammatory markers can be utilized as indicators of midlife mortality risk in a socioeconomically diverse cohort of African-American and White individuals.

Frailty, sex, and poverty are associated with DNA damage and repair in frail, middle-aged urban adults.

Frailty is an age-related syndrome characterized by reduced recovery from stressors and increased risks of morbidity and mortality. Although frailty is usually studied in those over 65 years, our previous work showed that frailty is both present and a risk factor for premature mortality in midlife. We identified altered gene expression patterns and biological pathways associated with inflammation in frailty. Evidence suggests DNA oxidation damage related to inflammation accumulates with age, and that DNA repair capacity (DRC) declines with age and age-related conditions. We hypothesized that inter-individual differences in DNA oxidation damage and DRC are associated with frailty status and poverty level. Using the CometChip assay, we assessed baseline single-strand breaks and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced DNA oxidation damage and DRC in non-frail and frail middle-aged African American and White individuals with household incomes above and below poverty. Analysis of baseline single-strand breaks showed no associations with frailty, poverty, race, or sex. However, we identified an interaction between frailty and poverty in H2O2-induced DNA oxidation damage. We also identified interactions between sex and frailty as well as sex and poverty status with DRC. The social determinant of health, poverty, associates with DRC in men. Baseline DNA damage, H2O2-induced DNA damage as well as DRC were associated with serum cytokine levels. IL-10 levels were inversely associated with baseline DNA damage as well as H2O2-induced DNA damage, DRC was altered by IL-4 levels and sex, and by TNF-α levels in the context of sex and poverty status. This is the first evidence that DRC may be influenced by poverty status at midlife. Our data show that social determinants of health should be considered in examining biological pathways through which disparate age-related health outcomes become manifest.

Association of Race and Poverty Status With DNA Methylation-Based Age.

Importance: The Dunedin Pace of Aging Calculated From the Epigenome (DunedinPACE) measure is a newly constructed DNA methylation (DNAm) biomarker associated with morbidity, mortality, and adverse childhood experiences in several cohorts with European ancestry. However, there are few studies of the DunedinPACE measure among socioeconomically and racially diverse cohorts with longitudinal assessments. Objective: To investigate the association of race and poverty status with DunedinPACE scores in a socioeconomically diverse middle-aged cohort of African American and White participants. Design, Setting, and Participants: This longitudinal cohort study used data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity Across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. HANDLS is a population-based study of socioeconomically diverse African American and White adults aged 30 to 64 years at baseline in Baltimore, Maryland, with follow-up approximately every 5 years. The current study was restricted to 470 participants with blood samples at 2 time points: August 14, 2004, to June 22, 2009 (visit 1), and June 23, 2009, to September 12, 2017 (visit 2). Genome-wide DNAm was assessed at visit 1 (chronological age, 30-64 years) and visit 2. Data were analyzed from March 18, 2022, to February 9, 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: DunedinPACE scores were estimated for each participant at 2 visits. DunedinPACE scores are values scaled to a mean of 1, interpretable with reference to a rate of 1 year of biological aging per 1 year of chronological aging. Linear mixed-model regression analysis was used to examine the trajectories of DunedinPACE scores by chronological age, race, sex, and poverty status. Results: Among 470 participants, the mean (SD) chronological age at visit 1 was 48.7 (8.7) years. Participants were balanced by sex (238 [50.6%] were men and 232 [49.4%] were women), race (237 [50.4%] African American and 233 [49.6%] White), and poverty status (236 [50.2%] living below poverty level and 234 [49.8%] living above poverty level). The mean (SD) time between visits was 5.1 (1.5) years. Overall, the mean (SD) DunedinPACE score was 1.07 (0.14), representing a 7% faster pace of biological aging than chronological aging. Linear mixed-effects regression analysis revealed an association between the 2-way interaction between race and poverty status (White race and household income below poverty level: ß = 0.0665; 95% CI, 0.0298-0.1031; P < .001) and significantly higher DunedinPACE scores and an association between quadratic age (age squared: ß = -0.0113; 95% CI, -0.0212 to -0.0013; P = .03) and significantly higher DunedinPACE scores. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cohort study, household income below poverty level and African American race were associated with higher DunedinPACE scores. These findings suggest that the DunedinPACE biomarker varies with race and poverty status as adverse social determinants of health. Consequently, measures of accelerated aging should be based on representative samples.

Plasma gelsolin levels are associated with diabetes, sex, race, and poverty.

BACKGROUND: The growing epidemic of the inflammation-related metabolic disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, presents a challenge to improve our understanding of potential mechanisms or biomarkers to prevent or better control this age-associated disease. A gelsolin isoform is secreted into the plasma as part of the extracellular actin scavenger system which serves a protective role by digesting and removing actin filaments released from damaged cells. Recent data indicate a role for decreased plasma gelsolin (pGSN) levels as a biomarker of inflammatory conditions. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures involved in intercellular signaling, have been implicated in metabolic and inflammatory diseases including type 2 diabetes mellitus. We examined whether pGSN levels were associated with EV concentration and inflammatory plasma proteins in individuals with or without diabetes. METHODS: We quantified pGSN longitudinally (n = 104) in a socioeconomically diverse cohort of middle-aged African American and White study participants with and without diabetes mellitus. Plasma gelsolin levels were assayed by ELISA. EV concentration (sub-cohort n = 40) was measured using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Inflammatory plasma proteins were assayed on the SomaScan® v4 proteomic platform. RESULTS: pGSN levels were lower in men than women. White individuals with diabetes had significantly lower levels of pGSN compared to White individuals without diabetes and to African American individuals either with or without diabetes. For adults living below poverty, those with diabetes had lower pGSN levels than those without diabetes. Adults living above poverty had similar pGSN levels regardless of diabetes status. No correlation between EV concentrations and pGSN levels was identified (r = - 0.03; p = 0.85). Large-scale exploratory plasma protein proteomics revealed 47 proteins that significantly differed by diabetes status, 19 of which significantly correlated with pGSN levels, including adiponectin. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of racially diverse individuals with and without diabetes, we found differences in pGSN levels with diabetes status, sex, race, and poverty. We also report significant associations of pGSN with the adipokine, adiponectin, and other inflammation- and diabetes-related proteins. These data provide mechanistic insights into the relationship of pGSN and diabetes.

Mitochondrial DNA and inflammatory proteins are higher in extracellular vesicles from frail individuals.

BACKGROUND: Frailty, a clinical syndrome commencing at midlife, is a risk for morbidity and mortality. Little is known about the factors that contribute to the chronic inflammatory state associated with frailty. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, membrane-bound vesicles that are released into the circulation and are mediators of intercellular communication. We examined whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and inflammatory proteins in EVs may act as damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules in frailty. RESULTS: To address whether EVs and their associated mtDNA and inflammatory protein cargo are altered with frailty, EVs were isolated from non-frail (n = 90) and frail (n = 87) middle-aged (45-55 years) participants from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study. EV concentration was highest in frail White participants. EV mtDNA levels were significantly higher in frail individuals compared to non-frail individuals. The presence of six inflammatory proteins in EVs (FGF-21, HGF, IL-12B, PD-L1, PRDX3, and STAMBP) were significantly associated with frailty. EV inflammatory proteins were significantly altered by frailty status, race, sex, and poverty status. Notably, frail White participants had higher levels of EV-associated CD5, CD8A, CD244, CXCL1, CXCL6, CXCL11, LAP-TGF-beta-1 and MCP-4 compared to frail and non-frail African American participants. Frail White participants living below poverty had higher levels of EV-associated uPA. EV-associated CCL28 levels were highest in non-frail women and CXCL1 were highest in non-frail men. Men living below poverty had higher levels of CD5, CD8A, CXCL1, LAP-TGF-beta-1, and uPA. CXCL6 levels were significantly higher in individuals living above poverty. There was a significant correlation between EV mtDNA levels and the presence of inflammatory proteins. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that mtDNA within EVs may act as a DAMP molecule in frailty. Its association with chemokines and other inflammatory EV cargo proteins, may contribute to the frailty phenotype. In addition, the social determinant of health, poverty, influences the inflammatory cargo of EVs in midlife.

Pregnancy Complications Among Resettled Refugees in Illinois.

Newly resettled refugee populations often have significant health care needs including pregnancy complications; yet research is lacking on pregnancy complications among refugees in Illinois. This was a retrospective analysis of the 2016-2017 hospital discharge data of refugee women of childbearing age (15-44 years) in Illinois. There were 3,355 hospital encounters by refugee women in our analysis, and 19.1% (n = 640) were associated with complications mainly related to pregnancy. The majority of hospital encounters associated with complications mainly related to pregnancy occurred after the first 8 months of US arrival (85.2%) and were among women who had Medicaid insurance (90.3%), ≥ 5 hospital encounters (60.2%), and who were most commonly from Iraq (23.3%) or Burma (19.4%). Refugee women may benefit from increased awareness and education about prenatal care, support in access, and prompt referrals.

Sex-specific transcriptome differences in a middle-aged frailty cohort.

BACKGROUND: Frailty is a clinical syndrome described as reduced physiological reserve and increased vulnerability. Typically examined in older adults, recent work shows frailty occurs in middle-aged individuals and is associated with increased mortality. Previous investigation of global transcriptome changes in a middle-aged cohort from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) study demonstrated inflammatory genes and pathways were significantly altered by frailty status and race. Transcriptome differences in frailty by sex remain unclear. We sought to discover novel genes and pathways associated with sex and frailty in a diverse middle-aged cohort using RNA-Sequencing. METHODS: Differential gene expression and pathway analyses were performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells for 1) frail females (FRAF, n = 4) vs non-frail females (NORF, n = 4), 2) frail males (FRAM, n = 4) vs non-frail males (NORM, n = 4), 3) FRAM vs FRAF, and 4) NORM vs NORF. We evaluated exclusive significant genes and pathways, as well as overlaps, between the comparison groups. RESULTS: Over 80% of the significant genes exclusive to FRAF vs NORF, FRAM vs NORM, and FRAM vs FRAF, respectively, were novel and associated with various biological functions. Pathways exclusive to FRAF vs NORF were associated with reduced inflammation, while FRAM vs NORM exclusive pathways were related to aberrant musculoskeletal physiology. Pathways exclusive to FRAM vs FRAF were associated with reduced cell cycle regulation and activated catabolism and Coronavirus pathogenesis. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate sex-specific transcriptional changes occur in middle-aged frailty, enhancing knowledge on frailty progression and potential therapeutic targets to prevent frailty.

Association of extracellular vesicle inflammatory proteins and mortality.

Even before the COVID-19 pandemic declines in life expectancy in the United States were attributed to increased mortality rates in midlife adults across racial and ethnic groups, indicating a need for markers to identify individuals at risk for early mortality. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small, lipid-bound vesicles capable of shuttling functional proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids. Given their role as intercellular communicators and potential biomarkers of disease, we explored whether circulating EVs may be markers of mortality in a prospective, racially, and socioeconomically diverse middle-aged cohort. We isolated plasma EVs from 76 individuals (mean age = 59.6 years) who died within a 5 year period and 76 surviving individuals matched by age, race, and poverty status. There were no significant differences in EV concentration, size, or EV-associated mitochondrial DNA levels associated with mortality. We found that several EV-associated inflammatory proteins including CCL23, CSF-1, CXCL9, GDNF, MCP-1, STAMBP, and 4E-BP1 were significantly associated with mortality. IL-10RB and CDCP1 were more likely to be present in plasma EVs from deceased individuals than in their alive counterparts. We also report differences in EV-associated inflammatory proteins with poverty status, race, and sex. Our results suggest that plasma EV-associated inflammatory proteins are promising potential clinical biomarkers of mortality.

APOE gene region methylation is associated with cognitive performance in middle-aged urban adults.

Apolipoprotein (APOE) ε4 allele is a strong risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive decline. Epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation (DNAm) play a central role in cognition. This study sought to identify DNAm sites in the APOE genomic region associated with cognitive performance in a racially diverse middle-aged cohort (n = 411). Cognitive performance was measured by 11 standard neuropsychological tests. Two CpG sites were associated with the Card Rotation and Benton Visual Retention cognitive tests. The methylation level of the CpG site cg00397545 was associated with Card Rotation Test score (p = 0.000177) and a novel CpG site cg10178308 was associated with Benton Visual Retention Test score (p = 0.000084). Significant associations were observed among the dietary inflammatory index, which reflects the inflammatory potential of the diet, cognitive performance and the methylation level of several CpG sites. Our results indicate that DNAm in the APOE genomic area is correlated with cognitive performance and may presage cognitive decline.

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Pregnant People at Labor and Delivery and Changes in Infection Rates in the General Population: Lessons Learned From Illinois.

OBJECTIVES: The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) assessed whether increases in the SARS-CoV-2 test positivity rate among pregnant people at labor and delivery (L&D) could signal increases in SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in the general Illinois population earlier than current state metrics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-six birthing hospitals universally testing for SARS-CoV-2 at L&D voluntarily submitted data from June 21, 2020 through January 23, 2021, to IDPH. Hospitals reported the daily number of people who delivered, SARS-CoV-2 tests, and test results as well as symptom status. We compared the test positivity rate at L&D with the test positivity rate of the general population and the number of hospital admissions for COVID-19-like illness by quantifying correlations in trends and identifying a lead time. RESULTS: Of 26 633 reported pregnant people who delivered, 96.8% (n = 25 772) were tested for SARS-CoV-2. The overall test positivity rate was 2.4% (n = 615); 77.7% (n = 478) were asymptomatic. In Chicago, the only region with a sufficient sample size for analysis, the test positivity rate at L&D (peak of 5% on December 7, 2020) was lower and more stable than the test positivity rate of the general population (peak of 14% on November 13, 2020) and lagged hospital admissions for COVID-19-like illness (peak of 118 on November 15, 2020) and the test positivity rate of the general population by about 10 days (Pearson correlation = 0.73 and 0.75, respectively). PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: Trends in the test positivity rate at L&D did not provide an earlier signal of increases in Illinois's SARS-CoV-2 prevalence than current state metrics did. Nonetheless, the role of universal testing protocols in identifying asymptomatic infection is important for clinical decision making and patient education about infection prevention and control.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Seroprevalence and Reported Coronavirus Disease 2019 Cases in US Children, August 2020-May 2021.

BACKGROUND: Case-based surveillance of pediatric coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases underestimates the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among children and adolescents. Our objectives were to estimate monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence and calculate ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases among children and adolescents in 8 US states. METHODS: Using data from the Nationwide Commercial Laboratory Seroprevalence Survey, we estimated monthly SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children aged 0-17 years from August 2020 through May 2021. We calculated and compared cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection extrapolated from population-standardized seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, cumulative COVID-19 case reports since March 2020, and infection-to-case ratios among persons of all ages and children aged 0-17 years for each state. RESULTS: Of 41 583 residual serum specimens tested, children aged 0-4, 5-11, and 12-17 years accounted for 1619 (3.9%), 10 507 (25.3%), and 29 457 (70.8%), respectively. Median SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence among children increased from 8% (range, 6%-20%) in August 2020 to 37% (range, 26%-44%) in May 2021. Estimated ratios of SARS-CoV-2 infections to reported COVID-19 cases in May 2021 ranged by state from 4.7-8.9 among children and adolescents to 2.2-3.9 for all ages combined. CONCLUSIONS: Through May 2021 in selected states, the majority of children with serum specimens included in serosurveys did not have evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Case-based surveillance underestimated the number of children infected with SARS-CoV-2 more than among all ages. Continued monitoring of pediatric SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence should inform prevention and vaccination strategies.

Assessing Local Public Health Agency Alignment With Public Health 3.0: A Content Analysis of Illinois Community Health Improvement Plans.

CONTEXT: Public Health 3.0 described the need for public health agencies and the public health workforce to transform and obtain new skills and approaches to address the social determinants of health (SDOH) through cross-sectoral partnerships and collective action. OBJECTIVE: To assess the current state of local health departments' Public Health 3.0 alignment through interventions and initiatives documented in community health improvement plans (CHIPs). METHOD: We conducted a content analysis of Illinois CHIPs from July to November 2020. A coding framework aligned with Public Health 3.0 concepts was developed on the basis of constructs from the literature, faculty expertise, and preliminary reviews of the CHIPs. Two researchers deductively coded for health priorities and interventions in Microsoft Excel 2016 and calculated the number of CHIPs in which each code appeared. RESULTS: Ninety CHIPs representing 98 counties across the state were analyzed; 2 CHIPs were excluded because of a lack of strategies. Our content analysis found that 13% (n = 12) of CHIPs had explicit priorities related to SDOH and 12% (n = 11) included interventions that addressed socioeconomic factors. Ten percent (n = 9) of CHIPs proposed multilevel multicomponent interventions. Eighty-nine percent (n = 80) of CHIPs included community-level interventions, and 53% (n = 48) of CHIPs included policy, systems, and environmental strategies focused on specific health content. The majority of CHIPs (96%; n = 86) had at least 1 partnership strategy. Thirty-two percent (n = 29) of CHIPs mentioned the use of an evidence-based strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Our content analysis found opportunities to improve Illinois public health agencies' Public Health 3.0 capacities and capability. Findings are limited to this data source and definitions of the Public Health 3.0 attributes, leaving room for practice and research opportunities to develop operational definitions of Public Health 3.0; capacity building to improve the public health workforce readiness; and research and evaluation to measure improvements.

Modeling robust COVID-19 intensive care unit occupancy thresholds for imposing mitigation to prevent exceeding capacities.

In non-pharmaceutical management of COVID-19, occupancy of intensive care units (ICU) is often used as an indicator to inform when to intensify mitigation and thus reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission, strain on ICUs, and deaths. However, ICU occupancy thresholds at which action should be taken are often selected arbitrarily. We propose a quantitative approach using mathematical modeling to identify ICU occupancy thresholds at which mitigation should be triggered to avoid exceeding the ICU capacity available for COVID-19 patients and demonstrate this approach for the United States city of Chicago. We used a stochastic compartmental model to simulate SARS-CoV-2 transmission and disease progression, including critical cases that would require intensive care. We calibrated the model using daily COVID-19 ICU and hospital census data between March and August 2020. We projected various possible ICU occupancy trajectories from September 2020 to May 2021 with two possible levels of transmission increase and uncertainty in core model parameters. The effect of combined mitigation measures was modeled as a decrease in the transmission rate that took effect when projected ICU occupancy reached a specified threshold. We found that mitigation did not immediately eliminate the risk of exceeding ICU capacity. Delaying action by 7 days increased the probability of exceeding ICU capacity by 10-60% and this increase could not be counteracted by stronger mitigation. Even under modest transmission increase, a threshold occupancy no higher than 60% was required when mitigation reduced the reproductive number Rt to just below 1. At higher transmission increase, a threshold of at most 40% was required with mitigation that reduced Rt below 0.75 within the first two weeks after mitigation. Our analysis demonstrates a quantitative approach for the selection of ICU occupancy thresholds that considers parameter uncertainty and compares relevant mitigation and transmission scenarios. An appropriate threshold will depend on the location, number of ICU beds available for COVID-19, available mitigation options, feasible mitigation strengths, and tolerated durations of intensified mitigation.

Geographic and demographic heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing in Illinois, USA, March to December 2020.

BACKGROUND: Availability of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States (U.S.) has fluctuated through the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, including in the U.S. state of Illinois. Despite substantial ramp-up in test volume, access to SARS-CoV-2 testing remains limited, heterogeneous, and insufficient to control spread. METHODS: We compared SARS-CoV-2 testing rates across geographic regions, over time, and by demographic characteristics (i.e., age and racial/ethnic groups) in Illinois during March through December 2020. We compared age-matched case fatality ratios and infection fatality ratios through time to estimate the fraction of SARS-CoV-2 infections that have been detected through diagnostic testing. RESULTS: By the end of 2020, initial geographic differences in testing rates had closed substantially. Case fatality ratios were higher in non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino populations in Illinois relative to non-Hispanic White populations, suggesting that tests were insufficient to accurately capture the true burden of COVID-19 disease in the minority populations during the initial epidemic wave. While testing disparities decreased during 2020, Hispanic/Latino populations consistently remained the least tested at 1.87 tests per 1000 population per day compared with 2.58 and 2.87 for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations, respectively, at the end of 2020. Despite a large expansion in testing since the beginning of the first wave of the epidemic, we estimated that over half (50-80%) of all SARS-CoV-2 infections were not detected by diagnostic testing and continued to evade surveillance. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic methods for identifying relatively under-tested geographic regions and demographic groups may enable policymakers to regularly monitor and evaluate the shifting landscape of diagnostic testing, allowing officials to prioritize allocation of testing resources to reduce disparities in COVID-19 burden and eventually reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Geographic and demographic heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing in Illinois, USA, March to December 2020.

Background: Availability of SARS-CoV-2 testing in the United States (U.S.) has fluctuated through the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, including in the U.S. state of Illinois. Despite substantial ramp-up in test volume, access to SARS-CoV-2 testing remains limited, heterogeneous, and insufficient to control spread. Methods: We compared SARS-CoV-2 testing rates across geographic regions, over time, and by demographic characteristics (i.e., age and racial/ethnic groups) in Illinois during March through December 2020. We compared age-matched case fatality ratios and infection fatality ratios through time to estimate the fraction of SARS-CoV-2 infections that have been detected through diagnostic testing. Results: By the end of 2020, initial geographic differences in testing rates had closed substantially. Case fatality ratios were higher in non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic/Latino populations in Illinois relative to non-Hispanic White populations, suggesting that tests were insufficient to accurately capture the true burden of COVID-19 disease in the minority populations during the initial epidemic wave. While testing disparities decreased during 2020, Hispanic/Latino populations consistently remained the least tested at 1.87 tests per 1000 population per day compared with 2.58 and 2.87 for non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White populations, respectively, at the end of 2020. Despite a large expansion in testing since the beginning of the first wave of the epidemic, we estimated that over half (50-80%) of all SARS-CoV-2 infections were not detected by diagnostic testing and continued to evade surveillance. Conclusions: Systematic methods for identifying relatively under-tested geographic regions and demographic groups may enable policymakers to regularly monitor and evaluate the shifting landscape of diagnostic testing, allowing officials to prioritize allocation of testing resources to reduce disparities in COVID-19 burden and eventually reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.

Community Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with a Local Bar Opening Event - Illinois, February 2021.

During February 2021, an opening event was held indoors at a rural Illinois bar that accommodates approximately 100 persons. The Illinois Department of Public Health (IDPH) and local health department staff members investigated a COVID-19 outbreak associated with this opening event. Overall, 46 COVID-19 cases were linked to the event, including cases in 26 patrons and three staff members who attended the opening event and 17 secondary cases. Four persons with cases had COVID-19-like symptoms on the same day they attended the event. Secondary cases included 12 cases in eight households with children, two on a school sports team, and three in a long-term care facility (LTCF). Transmission associated with the opening event resulted in one school closure affecting 650 children (9,100 lost person-days of school) and hospitalization of one LTCF resident with COVID-19. These findings demonstrate that opening up settings such as bars, where mask wearing and physical distancing are challenging, can increase the risk for community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. As community businesses begin to reopen, a multicomponent approach should be emphasized in settings such as bars to prevent transmission* (1). This includes enforcing consistent and correct mask use, maintaining ≥6 ft of physical distance between persons, reducing indoor bar occupancy, prioritizing outdoor seating, improving building ventilation, and promoting behaviors such as staying at home when ill, as well as implementing contact tracing in combination with isolation and quarantine when COVID-19 cases are diagnosed.

Mitochondrial DNA in extracellular vesicles declines with age.

The mitochondrial free radical theory of aging suggests that accumulating oxidative damage to mitochondria and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays a central role in aging. Circulating cell-free mtDNA (ccf-mtDNA) isolated from blood may be a biomarker of disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small (30-400 nm), lipid-bound vesicles capable of shuttling proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids as part of intercellular communication systems. Here, we report that a portion of ccf-mtDNA in plasma is encapsulated in EVs. To address whether EV mtDNA levels change with human age, we analyzed mtDNA in EVs from individuals aged 30-64 years cross-sectionally and longitudinally. EV mtDNA levels decreased with age. Furthermore, the maximal mitochondrial respiration of cultured cells was differentially affected by EVs from old and young donors. Our results suggest that plasma mtDNA is present in EVs, that the level of EV-derived mtDNA is associated with age, and that EVs affect mitochondrial energetics in an EV age-dependent manner.